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Industrial Organic Chemicals, by Harold A. Wittcoff, Bryan G. Reuben, Jeffery S. Plotkin
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An essential introduction to the organic chemicals industry—in the context of globalization, advances in technology, and environmental concerns
Providing 95 percent of the 500 billion pounds of organic chemicals produced in the world, the petroleum and natural gas industries are responsible for products that ensure our present quality of life. Products as diverse as gasoline, plastics, detergents, fibers, pesticides, tires, lipstick, shampoo, and sunscreens are based on seven raw materials derived from petroleum and natural gas. In an updated and expanded Third Edition, Industrial Organic Chemicals examines why each of these chemical building blocks—ethylene, propylene, C4 olefins (butenes and butadiene), benzene toluene, the xylenes, and methane—is preferred over another in the context of an environmental issue or manufacturing process, as well as their individual chemistry, derivatives, method of manufacture, uses, and economic significance.
The new edition details the seismic shifts in the world's chemistry industry away from the United States, Western Europe and Japan, transforming the Middle East and Asia-Pacific region, especially China, into major players. The book also details:
- The impact of globalization on the patterns of worldwide transportation of chemicals, including methods of shipping chemicals
- The technological advances in the area of polymerization and catalysis, including catalyst design and single-site catalysts
- Chemicals for electronics, with much new material on conducting polymers, photovoltaic cells, and related materials
- The discovery of vast reserves of shale gas and shale oil, altering long-term predictions of resource depletion in the United States and other countries
- Commercial and market aspects of the chemical industry, with coverage of emerging new companies such as INEOS, Formosa Plastics, LyondellBasell, and SABIC
With expanded coverage on the vital role of green chemistry, renewables, chemicals and fuels on issues of sustainability and climate change, Industrial Organic Chemicals offers an unparalleled examination of what is at the heart of this multi-billion dollar industry, how globalization has transformed it, and its ever growing role in preserving the Earth and its resources.
- Sales Rank: #1212815 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Wiley
- Published on: 2012-11-28
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.70" h x 1.96" w x 6.35" l, 2.93 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 848 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
“The book presents its information with concepts of sustainability and climate change in mind, covering green chemistry and renewables, including research into processes (such as electricity generation) that produce less or no carbon dioxide.” (Chemical Engineering Progress, 1 January 2013)
“Every organic chemist who contemplates a career in the field should read the book. Even future and active pharmaceutical researchers will need the chemical insight from this book to understand the nature of their starting materials. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners.” (Choice, 1 October 2013)
From the Back Cover
An essential introduction to the organic chemicals industry—in the context of globalization, advances in technology, and environmental concerns
Providing 95 percent of the 500 billion pounds of organic chemicals produced in the world, the petroleum and natural gas industries are responsible for products that ensure our present quality of life. Products as diverse as gasoline, plastics, detergents, fibers, pesticides, tires, lipstick, shampoo, and sunscreens are based on seven raw materials derived from petroleum and natural gas. In an updated and expanded Third Edition, Industrial Organic Chemicals examines why each of these chemical building blocks—ethylene, propylene, C4 olefins (butenes and butadiene), benzene toluene, the xylenes, and methane—is preferred over another in the context of an environmental issue or manufacturing process, as well as their individual chemistry, derivatives, method of manufacture, uses, and economic significance.
The new edition details the seismic shifts in the world's chemistry industry away from the United States, Western Europe and Japan, transforming the Middle East and Asia-Pacific region, especially China, into major players. The book also details:
- The impact of globalization on the patterns of worldwide transportation of chemicals, including methods of shipping chemicals
- The technological advances in the area of polymerization and catalysis, including catalyst design and single-site catalysts
- Chemicals for electronics, with much new material on conducting polymers, photovoltaic cells, and related materials
- The discovery of vast reserves of shale gas and shale oil, altering long-term predictions of resource depletion in the United States and other countries
- Commercial and market aspects of the chemical industry, with coverage of emerging new companies such as INEOS, Formosa Plastics, LyondellBasell, and SABIC
With expanded coverage on the vital role of green chemistry, renewables, chemicals and fuels on issues of sustainability and climate change, Industrial Organic Chemicals offers an unparalleled examination of what is at the heart of this multi-billion dollar industry, how globalization has transformed it, and its ever growing role in preserving the Earth and its resources.
About the Author
HAROLD A. WITTCOFF has taught industrial organic chemistry at the University of Minnesota, while serving as Vice President of Corporate Research for General Mills Inc. As scientific adviser to Nexant ChemSystems, he has presented 300 courses in industrial chemistry in twenty-eight countries.
The late BRYAN G. REUBEN was Professor Emeritus of Chemical Technology at London South Bank University, and was the author or coauthor of 130 publications and a single patent.
JEFFREY S. PLOTKIN is Vice President, Chemicals and Technology, at Nexant ChemSystems and is the author or coauthor of twenty-five technical publications and thirty patents.
Most helpful customer reviews
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Suitable as a gift to oneself or to any organic chemist, suitable as a college textbook
By Tom Brody
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMICALS, 3rd ed., by Wittcoff, Reuben, and Plotkin, is an 807-page book about organic chemicals. The book is printed on fine-quality white paper (not on cheap paper). Almost every other page has a chemical structure, or a series of chemical structures occurring in a pathway of organic synthesis. There are a few black and white photographs, and these include a photo of a small container barge on the Seine, an ISO tank in a carriage, an ISO tank being loaded on railroad cars, an ISO tank on a truck (pages 81-83). The front cover has a color photo of some men in a chemical plant. And that’s it for the photos. A small number of diagrams are found, as follows. Page 84 has a line drawing of a cross section of a tanker ship. Apparatus used in chemical engineering are shown in drawings of a steam cracking furnace (p. 107); crude oil distiller (p. 98); steam naphtha cracker (page 109); and four different reactors that use catalysts (page 645). Page 533 has a flow chart showing conversion of corn starch to glucose, and glucose to lactic acid, etc., etc. A few pie charts are found, for example, a pie chart showing the customers of chemicals (consumers, health care, agriculture, textile mills, mining, etc.) (page 25), and a pie chart showing the end-uses of toluene in Europe (solvents, benzene, xylene) and in the United States (solvents, gasoline, xylene, benzene) (page 376).
The book has twenty chapters:
Abbreviations. About 150 abbreviations, such as “Deep Catalytic Cracking” and “PolyBrominated Biphenyls” are identified.
Introduction
(1) Evolution of organic chemicals industry
(2) Globalization of the chemical industry
(3) Transporting chemicals
(4) Chemicals from natural gas and petroleum
(5) Chemicals and polymers from ethylene
(6) Chemicals and polymers from propylene
(7) Chemicals from the C4 stream
(8) Chemicals from the C5 stream
(9) Chemicals from benzene
(10) Chemicals from toluene
(11) Chemicals from xylenes
(12) Chemicals from methane
(13) Chemicals from alkanes
(14) Chemicals form coal
(15) Fats and oils
(16) Carbohydrates
(17) How polymers are made
(18) Industrial catalysts
(19) Green chemistry
(20) Sustainability
The book also has four APPENDICES, and these concern units and conversion factors, and an essay on shale gas and shale oil.
From the title of the book, one might guess that the book is purely about organic chemistry, or perhaps, about chemical engineering. From the large number of structures, and the paucity of pictures of reactors, it is obvious that the book is much more about organic chemistry, and not much about chemical engineering. Moreover, the terms “heat exchanger” and “condenser” do not even occur in the index. (Actually, page 23 has the word, “heat exchanger.”) Continued perusal of this 807-page book reveals that it is somewhat like a book called, THE PRIZE by Daniel Yergin. Mr. Yergin’s book concerns the history of the oil industry, where the book has a continuing theme of politics and economics.
PATENTS. I was pleased to see a 2-page introduction to patents. The book is correct in stating that “patent specifications are a major source of technical information.” The book is correct in observing that patents are written in “legal jargon.” However, any patent agent or attorney can easily see through the jargon, and determine the technical features of the invention. The book reveals that a copy of a U.S. patent can be acquired for $3.00. But this is out-moded information. Patents can be acquired for free on the web site of the U.S. Patent Office, on the web site of the European Patent Office, and on the web at freepatentsonline dot com.
HOW THE WORLD IS PUT TOGETHER. CHAPTER ONE discloses how the world is put together, from the standpoint of the organic chemist. We learn that “the petroleum refining industry was the first to convert to continuous operation” and we learn that “batch processes” are not much used for commodity chemicals. We learn that, in the first half of the 20th century, a nation’s industrial development could be gauged from its production of sulfuric acid (I was amazed to read this, since my father told me the same thing about 50 years ago. This was one of his many tidbits of trivia that he told me.) We read that the chemical industry is an “upstream industry,” because of its emphasis on purchasing raw materials, e.g., gas, coal, minerals. We learn that, apart from pharmaceuticals, few of the chemical industry’s products are sold to consumers. The above tidbits of information go a very long way into informing the reader about how the world is put together. This is a concrete book that does a very good job at connecting these facts to the world-at-large. Following these inspiring “tidbits,” we encounter a few pages about government regulations about chemicals, a few pages on chemical industry disasters in the years 2000-2010 (I noticed that many of these occurred in China, Africa, and India). Regarding regulation, we learn about laws eliminating lead tetraalkyls from gasoline, and the elimination of butrylbenzyl phthalate from childrens’ toys. We learn of a proposed ban of methyl bromide as a soil fumigant.
ECONOMY AND THE BEHAVIOR OF CORPORATIONS. CHAPTER TWO compares production and demand, using the example of ETHYLENE. We learn that one feature of organic chemical commerce is “stockpiling” and we further learn that ETHYLENE cannot be stockpiled. We read about the building of ETHYLENE CRACKERS in various parts of the world, such as in Louisiana, West Virginia, and India. Page 54 has a table, showing ETHYLENE capacity for the USA (top), then Saudi Arabia, then China, and at the bottom, India and Austria. These data are broken down by the name of the company, e.g., Dow Exxon, and PetroChina. Pages 56-60 disclose mergers, and we learn that HOECHST de-merged itself into twelve small companies. We learn that ZENECA merged with ASTRA, to give ASTRAZENECA. We learn that DOW and UNION CARBIDE merged in 2001. We learn that AMERICAN CYANAMID, which “survives but does not feature in the top 50 chemical companies.”
ACETALDEHYDE. Jumping ahead to CHAPTER FIVE, we find a 3-page section about ACETALDEHYDE. We read that acetaldehyde production has declined in the past 20 years. We learn that acetaldehyde was first made by the WACKER REACTION. We read that this reaction was replaced by a newer reaction. Page 166 has a large diagram showing the mechanism of action of the WACKER REACTION in acetaldehyde production, for example, showing condensation of ethyelenewith a molecule of water, catalytic dehydrogenation, and oxidation of palladium by copper, and so on. Overall, the reaction converts ETHYLENE to ACETALDEHYDE.
ACRYLAMIDE. Leaping forward to CHAPTER SIX, the first few pages inform the reader that “Asia-Pacific had about as much propylene capacity as North America and Western Europe put together. This is because Asia-Pacific producers use heavier feedstocks (naphtha and gas oil) compared to the lighter feedstock used in the U.S. Propylene demand is skyrocketing in Asia-Pacific, especially for polypropylene. As one can see, a theme in this book is economics and politics. The book is not entirely “dry” and without humor, as we read that, “for many years propylene was ethylene’s ugly sister, a by-product that was used in the refinery, sold at a fraction above its fuel value or burned . . . what changed everything was the discovery . . . of polypropylene.” (page 212) CHAPTER SIX includes a page on ACRYLAMIDE, a topic dear to me, because I have several years of experience using polyacrylamide. Anyway, we are shown a diagram showing the conversion of ACRYLONITRILE to ACRYLAMIDE, and the book shows two different methods for making acrylamide. Then, a half page is devoted to showing microbial production of acrylamide. Finally, we learn that acrylamide is used to increase the viscosity of water, for use in increasing the recovery of oil during pumping water through rock formations. I was glad to see the disclosure that, “They [acrylamides] are of value in gel electrophoresis.” My work on acrylamide and electrophoresis is disclosed in my article, Brody, T. (1997) Analytical Biochemistry. 247:247-256.
CONCLUSION. The book discloses many chemical reactions that were discovered in the first half of the 20th century, and also discloses contemporary biotechnological approaches to accomplishing the same reaction. This book will be a friend to people in their 80s, who love to reminisce about old-school organic chemistry, and this book will also be a friend to executives in biotech companies in the San Francisco Bay area, who hope to become wealthy by engineering microbes to synthesize fuels and other chemicals. This book will also be valued by any person interested on the economics of commodities, and by extension, will also be indispensable to any person interested in global politics. The book will also be valued by corporate attorneys who represent the needs of chemical companies. The book is like some sort of combination of the Wall Street Journal and a book on organic chemistry. The book is entirely successful in creating this combination, where this success was made possible by the large size of the book.
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